Top is the Ideal Gas Law which describes the relationship between pressure, volume, and temperature for an idealized gas. It assumes no intermolecular forces and that gas molecules occupy no volume, making it useful for approximating gas behavior. Below is the Van der Waals equation which improves upon the Ideal Gas Law by accounting for molecular volume and intermolecular attractions. It provides a more accurate description of real gases, especially at high pressures and low temperatures, making it essential in thermodynamics and engineering applications.

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